Cícero

Birth: 0106-01-03 , Arpino

Death: 0043-12-07 , Fórmias

Marcus Tullius Cicero was a prominent Roman statesman, lawyer, orator, and philosopher. Considered one of the greatest Latin orators and writers, Cicero played a crucial role in the transition from the Roman Republic to the Empire. His philosophical works, speeches, and letters offer an invaluable glimpse into the political and intellectual life of ancient Rome.

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The name of peace is sweet, and the thing itself is beneficial, but there is a great difference between peace and servitude. Peace is freedom in tranquility, servitude is the worst of all evils, to be resisted not only by war, but even by death.

Men decide far more problems by hate, love, lust, rage, sorrow, joy, hope, fear, illusion, or some other inward emotion, than by reality, authority, any legal standard, judicial precedent, or statute.

The wise are instructed by reason; ordinary minds by experience; the stupid, by necessity; and brutes by instinct.

Advice is judged by results, not by intentions.

Let arms give place to the robe, and the laurel of the warriors yield to the tongue of the orator.

Not to know what has been transacted in former times is to be always a child. If no use is made of the labors of past ages, the world must remain always in the infancy of knowledge.

The man who backbites an absent friend, nay, who does not stand up for him when another blames him, the man who angles for bursts of laughter and for the repute of a wit, who can invent what he never saw, who cannot keep a secret - that man is black at heart: mark and avoid him.

A happy life consists in tranquility of mind.

There are some duties we owe even to those who have wronged us. There is, after all, a limit to retribution and punishment.

We are obliged to respect, defend and maintain the common bonds of union and fellowship that exist among all members of the human race.

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Born in Arpino, a town south of Rome, Cicero rose through the Roman political ranks, culminating in his consulship in 63 BC, during which he thwarted the Catiline Conspiracy. His political career was marked by his eloquence and his passionate defense of republican institutions. As a lawyer, Cicero is remembered for his powerful and persuasive speeches. As a philosopher, he introduced Greek thought to Rome, adapting Cynic, Skeptic, and Epicurean schools, and developing his own contributions to political and ethical philosophy. His letters are a vital primary source for understanding late Roman history. Despite his efforts to preserve the Republic, Cicero eventually became a victim of the political proscriptions that followed the death of Julius Caesar, being executed in 43 BC. His literary and intellectual legacy endures to this day, influencing Western thought.