Ezra Pound

Ezra Pound

1885–1972 · lived 87 years US US

Ezra Pound was a highly influential American poet and critic, and a major figure in the modernist movement. He was a key proponent of Imagism and Vorticism, championing a return to classical forms and precise imagery in poetry. Pound's extensive work, most notably "The Cantos," is characterized by its complex allusions, multilingualism, and engagement with history, economics, and art. His influence extended to many other writers, including T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, and James Joyce, whom he actively supported and promoted.

n. 1885-10-30, Hailey · m. 1972-11-01, Veneza

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Dum Capitolium Scandet

Dum Capitolium Scandet

How many will come after me
singing as well as I sing, none better;
Telling the heart of their truth
as I have taught them to tell it;
Fruit of my seed,
O my unnameable children.
Know then that I loved you from afore-time,
Clear speakers, naked in the sun, untrammelled.
Read full poem
Bio

Identification and basic context

Ezra Weston Loomis Pound was an American expatriate poet, critic, musician, and translator. He is widely considered one of the most influential figures of literary modernism. Pound was instrumental in the development of two significant movements: Imagism and Vorticism. His work is marked by a profound engagement with history, economics, art, and diverse cultural traditions, often employing a complex, allusive style. He wrote primarily in English, but his work is characterized by its multilingualism and extensive use of foreign language quotations. He spent most of his adult life as an expatriate, living in Italy, France, and England.

Childhood and education

Pound was born in Hailey, Idaho, but his family soon moved to Philadelphia, where he spent his formative years. His father worked as a registrar at the Philadelphia Mint. Pound displayed an early interest in languages and literature. He attended Hamilton College and the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied Romance languages and literature. His early education instilled in him a deep appreciation for classical literature and languages, which would profoundly shape his poetic sensibilities. He was also exposed to various cultural and philosophical ideas that fueled his intellectual curiosity.

Literary trajectory

Pound's literary career began with the publication of his first collection of poems, "A Lume Spento," in Venice in 1908. He quickly became a central figure in the burgeoning modernist literary scene, first in London and later in Paris. He was a key proponent of the Imagist movement, advocating for clarity, precision, and economy of language. He later founded Vorticism, a more aggressive and dynamic movement. Pound was a tireless promoter of other artists, notably T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway, providing critical support, introductions, and financial assistance. His most ambitious and sprawling work is "The Cantos," an epic poem in progress that occupied him for much of his life.

Works, style, and literary characteristics

Pound's major works include "Personae" (1909), "Ripostes" (1912), "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley" (1920), and the monumental "The Cantos" (published in stages from the 1920s until his death). His style evolved over time, but consistently featured a demand for precision in language, a rejection of vague sentimentality, and an interest in juxtaposing diverse historical and cultural elements. Themes in his work often include the decline of civilization, the nature of beauty, the corrupting influence of usury, and the search for order. He experimented with form, incorporating elements of free verse, classical meters, and polyphonic structures. His poetic voice could be lyrical, scholarly, prophetic, or polemical. Pound's language was rich with allusions to mythology, history, and literature from various cultures, often weaving together multiple languages and dialects.

Cultural and historical context

Pound lived through periods of immense global upheaval, including World War I and World War II. His political views became increasingly controversial, particularly his espousal of fascism and his antisemitic radio broadcasts during World War II, for which he was charged with treason. He was deeply involved with literary circles in London and Paris, where he interacted with many of the leading figures of modernism. His generation of writers grappled with the fragmentation of modern society and sought new forms to express contemporary experience. Pound's engagement with economics, particularly his interest in Social Credit theory, significantly influenced his later work and political outlook.

Personal life

Pound's personal life was marked by complex relationships. He had a long-term relationship with the painter Dorothy Shakespear, whom he married, and also maintained a significant relationship with the violinist Olga Rudge, with whom he had a daughter. His expatriate lifestyle led to periods of financial instability, which he navigated through his promotional activities for other artists and his own writing. His intellectual and political obsessions often dominated his personal interactions, sometimes straining relationships.

Recognition and reception

Pound's initial reception was that of a revolutionary poet and a champion of modernist literature. However, his wartime broadcasts and fascist sympathies led to widespread condemnation and legal repercussions, including his arrest and indictment for treason. He spent years in an psychiatric hospital in Washington D.C. While his literary influence remained undeniable, his public image was severely tarnished. Posthumously, there has been a renewed critical interest in separating his literary achievements from his political views, though this remains a complex and contentious issue.

Influences and legacy

Pound was influenced by classical poets such as Homer and Ovid, as well as by medieval troubadours and Chinese poetry (especially the work of Confucius). His legacy is immense; he was a catalyst for many of the most important writers of the 20th century, including T.S. Eliot, whose "The Waste Land" he significantly edited. He is credited with introducing key ideas of Imagism and Vorticism and shaping the course of modernist poetry. His experimental approach to form, language, and subject matter has had a lasting impact on subsequent generations of poets. His work continues to be studied, translated, and debated worldwide.

Interpretation and critical analysis

Critical analysis of Pound's work often grapples with the tension between his innovative poetic technique and his deeply problematic political and social views. "The Cantos," in particular, has been subject to extensive scholarly interpretation, with critics exploring its epic scope, its engagement with historical figures, and its fragmentation. Debates often center on whether his artistic merit can be separated from his ideological commitments, and how to approach his antisemitism and fascist sympathies within an analysis of his poetry.

Curiosities and lesser-known aspects

Pound was known for his eccentric personality and his fervent pronouncements. He was a prolific correspondent and actively engaged in promoting his contemporaries through letters and introductions. His interest in economics was not merely theoretical; he believed that usury was a primary cause of societal ills and actively campaigned for economic reforms. His habit of collecting and translating diverse literary traditions reflects his lifelong project of weaving a new epic for the modern age.

Death and memory

Pound died in Venice in 1972. His death marked the end of a tumultuous but profoundly influential literary life. His memory remains complex, celebrated for his revolutionary contributions to poetry and modernism, yet shadowed by his wartime political activities. His works continue to be read and studied, ensuring his place as a pivotal, albeit controversial, figure in 20th-century literature.

Poems

125

Phyllidula

Phyllidula


Phyllidula is scrawny but amorous,
Thus have the gods awarded her,
That in pleasure she receives more than she can give;
If she does not count this blessed
Let her change her religion.
480

Ortus

Ortus


How have I laboured?
How have I not laboured
To bring her soul to birth,
To give these elements a name and a centre!
She is beautiful as the sunlight, and as fluid.
She has no name, and no place.
How have I laboured to bring her soul into separation;
To give her a name and her being!


Surely you are bound and entwined,
You are mingled with the elements unborn;
I have loved a stream and a shadow.
I beseech you enter your life.
I beseech you learn to say ‘I’
When I question you;
For you are no part, but a whole,
No portion, but a being.
511

Pagani’s, November 8

Pagani’s, November 8

Suddenly discovering in the eyes of the very beautiful
Normande cocotte
The eyes of the very learned British Museum assistant.
417

Of Jacopo Del Sellaio

Of Jacopo Del Sellaio

This man knew out the secret ways of love,
No man could paint such things who did not know.
And now she's gone, who was his Cyprian,
And you are here, who are ‘The Isles’ to me.


And here's the thing that lasts the whole thing out:
The eyes of this dead lady speak to me.
466

Ole Kate

Ole Kate

When I was only a youngster,
Sing: toodle doodlede ootl
Ole Kate would git her 'arf a pint
And wouldn't' giv' a damn hoot.


'Them stairs! them stairs, them gordam stairs
Will be the death of me/
I never heerd her say nothin'
About the priv'lege of liberty.


She'd come a sweatin' up with the coals
An a-sloshin' round with 'er mop,
Startin' in about 6 a.m.
And didn't seem never to stop.


She died on the job they tells me,
Fell plump into her pail.
Never got properly tanked as I saw,
And never got took to jail,


Just went on a sloshin'
And totin' up scuttles of coal,
And kissin9 her cat fer diversion,
Cod rest her sloshin’ soul.


‘Gimme a kissy-cuddle'
She'd say to her tibby-cat,
But she never made no mention
Of this here proletariat.
439

Near Perigord

Near Perigord

I
You'd have men's hearts up from the dust
And tell their secrets, Messire Cino,
Rigkt enough? Then read between the lines of Uc St. Circ,
Solve me the riddle, for you know the tale.


Bertrans, En Bertrans, left a fine canzone:
6Maent, I love you, you have turned me out.
The voice at Montfort, Lady Agnes' hair,
Bel Miral's stature, the viscountess' throat,
Set all together, are not worthy of you. . . .'
And all the while you sing out that canzone,
Think you that Maent lived at Montaignac,
One at Chalais, another at Malemort
Hard over Brive for every lady a castle,
Each place strong.


Oh, is it easy enough?
Tairiran held hall in Montaignac,
His brother-in-law was all there was of power
In Perigord, and this good union
Gobbled all the land, and held it later for some hundred years.
And our En Bertrans was in Altafort,
Hub of the wheel, the stirrer-up of strife,
As caught by Dante in the last wallow of hell
The headless trunk 'that made its head a lamp',
For separation wrought out separation,
And he who set the strife between brother and brother
And had his way with the old English king,,
Viced in such torture for the 'counterpass'.
How would you live, with neighbours set about you
Poictiers and Brive, untaken Rochecouart,
Spread like the finger-tips of one frail hand;
And you on that great mountain of a palm
Not a neat ledge, not Foix between its streams,
But one huge back half-covered up with pine,
Worked for and snatched from the string-purse of Born
The four round towers, four brothers mostly fools
What could he do but play the desperate chess,
And stir old grudges?
‘Pawn your castles, lords!
Let the Jews pay.'
And the great scene
(That, maybe, never happened!)
Beaten at last,
Before the hard old king:
'Your son, ah, since he died
''My wit and worth are cobwebs brushed aside
'In the full flare of grief. Do what you will.'


Take the whole man, and ravel out the story.
He loved this lady in castle Montaignac ?



The castle flanked him he had need of it.
You read to-day, how long the overlords of Perigord,
The Talleyrands, have held the place; it was no transient fiction.
And Maent failed him? Or saw through the scheme?


And all his net-like thought of new alliance?
Chalais is high, a-level with the poplars.
Its lowest stones just meet the valley tips
Where the low Dronne is filled with water-lilies.
And Rochecouart can match it, stronger yet,
The very spur's end, built on sheerest cliff,
And Malemort keeps its close hold on Brive,
While Born, his own close purse, his rabbit warren,
His subterranean chamber with a dozen doors,
A-bristle with antennae to feel roads,
To sniff the traffic into Perigord.
And that hard phalanx, that unbroken line,
The ten good miles from there to Maent's castle,
All of his flank how could he do without her?
And all the road to Cahors, to Toulouse?
would he do without her?


‘Papiol,
Go forthright singing Anhes, Cembelins.
There is a throat; ah, there are two white hands;
There is a trellis full of early roses,
And all my heart is bound about with love.
Where am I come with compound flatteries
What doors are open to fine compliment?'
And every one half jealous of Maent?
He wrote the catch to pit their jealousies
Against her; give her pride in them?


Take his own speech, make what you will of it
And still the knot, the first knot, of Maent?


Is it a love poem? Did he sing of war?
Is it an intrigue to run subtly out,
Born of a jongleur's tongue, freely to pass
Up and about and in and out the land,
Mark him a craftsman and a strategist?
(St. Leider had done as much as Polhonac,
Singing a different stave, as closely hidden.)
Oh, there is precedent, legal tradition,
To sing one thing when your song means another,
'Et albirar ab lor bordon '
Foix' count knew that. What is Sir Bertrans' singing?
Maent, Maent, and yet again Maent,
Or war and broken heaumes and politics?


II
End fact. Try fiction. Let us say we see



En Bertrans, a tower-room at Hautefort,
Sunset, the ribbon-like road lies, in red cross-light,
Southward toward Montaignac, and he bends at a table
Scribbling, swearing between his teeth; by his left hand
Lie little strips of parchment covered over,
Scratched and erased with al and ochaisos.
Testing his list of rhymes, a lean man? Bilious?
With a red straggling beard?
And the green cat's-eye lifts toward Montaignac.


Or take his 'magnet' singer setting out,
Dodging his way past Aubeterre, singing at Chalais
In the vaulted hall,
Or, by a lichened tree at Rochecouart
Aimlessly watching a hawk above the valleys,
Waiting his turn in the mid-summer evening,
Thinking of Aelis, whom he loved heart and soul . . .
To find her half alone, Montfort away,
And a brown, placid, hated woman visiting her,
Spoiling his visit, with a year before the next one.
Little enough ?
Or carry him forward. 'Go through all the courts,
My Magnet,' Bertrans had said.


We came to Ventadour
In the mid love court, he sings out the canzon,
No one hears save Arrimon Luc D'Esparo
No one hears aught save the gracious sound of compliments.
Sir Arrimon counts on his fingers, Montfort,
Rochecouart, Chalais, the rest, the tactic,
Malemort, guesses beneath, sends wrord to Cceur-de-Lion:
The compact, de Born smoked out, trees felled
About his castle, cattle driven out!
Or no one sees it, and En Bertrans prospered?


And ten years after, or twenty, as you will,
Arnaut and Richard lodge beneath Chalus:
The dull round towers encroaching on the field,
The tents tight drawn, horses at tether
Further and out of reach, the purple night,
The crackling of small fires, the bannerets,
The lazy leopards on the largest banner,
Stray gleams on hanging mail, an armourer's torch-flare
Melting on steel.


And in the quietest space
They probe old scandals, say de Born is dead;
And we've the gossip (skipped six hundred years).
Richard shall die to-morrow leave him there
Talking oftrobar clus with Daniel.
And the 'best craftsman' sings out his friend's song,
Envies its vigour . . . and deplores the technique,



Dispraises his own skill? That's as you will.
And they discuss the dead man,
Plantagenet puts the riddle: 'Did he love her?'
And Arnaut parries: 'Did he love your sister?
True, he has praised her, but in some opinion
He wrote that praise only to show he had
The favour of your party; had been well received.'


'You knew the man.'
‘You knew the man.'
'I am an artist, you have tried both metiers.'
'You were born near him.'
'Do we know our friends?'
'Say that he saw the castles, say that he loved Maent!'
'Say that he loved her, does it solve the riddle?'
End the discussion, Richard goes out next day
And gets a quarrel-bolt shot through his vizard,
Pardons the bowman, dies, ,


Ends our discussion. Arnaut ends
‘In sacred odour' (that's apocryphal!)
And we can leave the talk till Dante writes:
Surely I saw, and still before my eyes
Goes on that headless trunk, that bears for light
Its own head swinging, gripped by the dead hair,
And like a swinging lamp that says, 'Ah me!
I severed men, my head and heart
Ye see here severed, my life's counterpart.’
Or take En Bertrans?


III
Bewildering spring, and by the Auvezere
Poppies and day's eyes in the green 6mail
Rose over us; and we knew all that stream,
And our two horses had traced out the valleys;
Knew the low flooded lands squared out with poplars,
In the young days when the deep sky befriended.
And great wings beat above us in the twilight,
And the great wheels in heaven
Bore us together . . . surging . . . and apart . . .
Believing we should meet with lips and hands,


High, high and sure . . . and then the counter-thrust:
‘Why do you love me? Will you always love me?
But I am like the grass, I can not love you.'
Or, ‘Love, and I love and love you,
And hate your mind, not you, your soul, your hands.'


So to this last estrangement, Tairiran!


There shut; up in his castle, Tairiran's,
She who had nor ears nor tongue save in her hands,



Gone ah, gone untouched, unreachable !
She who could never live save through one person,
She who could never speak save to one person,
And all the rest of her a shifting change,
A broken bundle of mirrors . . . !
568

Night Litany

Night Litany

O Dieu, purifiez nos cceurs!
Purifiez nos coeurs !


Yea the lines hast thou laid unto me
in pleasant places,
And the beauty of this thy Venice
hast thou shown unto me
Until is its loveliness become unto me
a thing of tears.


O God, what great kindness
have we done in times past
and forgotten it,
That thou givest this wonder unto us,
O God of waters?


O God of the night,
What great sorrow
Cometh unto us,
That thou thus repayest us
Before the time of its coming?


O God of silence,
Purifiez nos coeurs,
Purifiez nos coeurs,
For we have seen
The glory of the shadow of the
likeness of thine handmaid,


Yea, the glory of the shadow
of thy Beauty hath walked
Upon the shadow of the waters
In this thy Venice.
And before the holiness
Of the shadow of thy handmaid
Have I hidden mine eyes,
O God of waters.


O God of silence,
Purifiez nos coeurs,
Purifiez nos coeurs,
O God of waters,
make clean our hearts within us,
For I have seen the
Shadow of this thy Venice
Floating upon the waters,
And thy stars


Have seen this thing, out of their far courses
Have they seen this thing,
O God of waters,
Even as are thy stars



Silent unto us in their far-coursing,
Even so is mine heart
become silent within me.


Purifiez nos coeurs,
O God of the silence,
Purifiez nos coeurs,
O God of waters.
529

Na Audiart

Na Audiart

Though thou well dost wish me ill
Audiart, Audiart,
Where thy bodice laces start
As ivy fingers clutching through
Its crevices,
Audiart, Audiart,
Stately, tall and lovely tender
Who shall render
Audiart, Audiart,
Praises meet unto thy fashion?
Here a word kiss !
Pass I on
Unto Lady ‘Miels-de-Ben’,
Having praised thy girdle's scope
How the stays ply back from it;
I breath no hope
That thou shouldst . . .
Nay no whit
Bespeak thyself for anything.
Just a word in thy praise, girl,
Just for the swirl
Thy satins make upon the stair,
'Cause never a flaw was there
Where thy torse and limbs are met
Though thou hate me, read it set
In rose and gold.
Or when the minstrel, tale half told,
Shall burst to lilting at the praise
'Audiart, Audiart' . .
Bertrans, master of his lays,
Bertrans of Aultaforte thy praise
Sets forth, and though thou hate me well,
Yea though thou wish me ill,
Audiart, Audiart.
Thy loveliness is here writ till,
Audiart,
Oh, till thou come again.
And being bent and wrinkled, in a form
That hath no perfect limning, when the warm
Youth dew is cold
Upon thy hands, and thy old soul
Scorning a new, wry'd casement,
Churlish at seemed misplacement,
Finds the earth as bitter
As now seems it sweet,
Being so young and fair
As then only in dreams,
Being then young and wry'd,
Broken of ancient pride,
Thou shalt then soften,
Knowing, I know not how,
Thou wert once she



Audiart, Audiart
For whose fairness one forgave
Audiart,
Audiart
Que be-m vols mal.
536

Mr. Nixon

Mr. Nixon

In the cream gilded cabin of his steam yacht
Mr. Nixon advised me kindly, to advance with fewer
Dangers of delay. 'Consider
Carefully the reviewer.


'I was as poor as you are;
'When I began I got, of course,
'Advance on royalties, fifty at first,' said Mr. Nixon,
'Follow me, and take a column,
'Even if you have to work free.


'Butter reviewers. From fifty to three hundred
'I rose in eighteen months;
'The hardest nut I had to crack
'Was Dr. Dundas.


'I never mentioned a man but with the view
'Of selling my own works.
'The tip's a good one, as for literature
'It gives no man a sinecure.


'And no one knows, at sight, a masterpiece.
'And give up verse, my boy,
'There's nothing in it.'


Likewise a friend of Bloughram's once advised me:
Don't kick against the pricks,
Accept opinion. The 'Nineties' tried your game
And died, there's nothing in it.


X
Beneath the sagging roof
The stylist has taken shelter,
Unpaid, uncelebrated,
At last from the world's welter


Nature receives him;
With a placid and uneducated mistress
He exercises his talents
And the soil meets his distress.


The haven from sophistications and contentions
Leaks through its thatch;
He offers succulent cooking;
The door has a creaking latch.


XI
Conservatrix of Milésien'
Habits of mind and feeling,
Possibly. But in Ealing
With the most bank-clerkly of Englishmen ?



No, 'Milésian' is an exaggeration.
No instinct has survived in her
Older than those her grandmother
Told her would fit her station.


XII
‘Daphne with her thighs in bark
Stretches toward me her leafy hands,'
Subjectively. In the stuffed-satin drawing-room
I await The Lady Valentine's commands,


Knowing my coat has never been
Of precisely the fashion
To stimulate, in her,
A durable passion;


Doubtful, somewhat, of the value
Of well-gowned approbation
Of literary effort,
But never of The Lady Valentine's vocation:


Poetry, her border of ideas,
The edge, uncertain, but a means of blending
With other strata
Where the lower and higher have ending;


A hook to catch the Lady Jane's attention,
A modulation toward the theatre,
Also, in the case of revolution,
A possible friend and comforter.


Conduct, on the other hand, the soul
‘Which the highest cultures have nourished'
To Fleet St. where
Dr. Johnson flourished;


Beside this thoroughfare
The sale of half-hose has
Long since superseded the cultivation
Of Pierian roses.
520

Middle-Aged

Middle-Aged


‘Tis but a vague, invarious delight
As gold that rains about some buried king.


As the fine flakes,
When tourists frolicking
Stamp on his roof or in the glazing light
Try photographs, wolf down their ale and cakes
And start to inspect some further pyramid;


As the fine dust, in the hid cell
Beneath their transitory step and merriment,
Drifts through the air, and the sarcophagus
Gains yet another crust
Of useless riches for the occupant,
So I, the fires that lit once dreams
Now over and spent,
Lie dead within four walls
And so now love
Rains down and so enriches some stiff case,
And strews a mind with precious metaphors,


And so the space
Of my still consciousness
Is full of gilded snow,


The which, no cat has eyes enough
To see the brightness of.
436

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