Carl Sandburg

Carl Sandburg

1878–1967 · lived 89 years US US

Carl Sandburg was an American poet, historian, novelist, and lexicographer. He is considered one of the most important American poets of the 20th century, known for his free verse and his focus on the American working class and the landscapes of the American Midwest. His poetry often celebrated the common man and the industrial might of America, earning him a reputation as the "poet of the people." Beyond his poetry, Sandburg was also a prolific biographer, most notably of Abraham Lincoln, and a collector of folklore and songs.

n. 1878-01-06, Galesburg · m. 1967-07-22, Flat Rock

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Grass

Pile the bodies high at Austerlitz and Waterloo.
Shovel them under and let me work
-I am the grass; I cover all.

And pile them high at Gettysburg
And pile them high at Ypres and Verdun.
Shovel them under and let me work.
Two years, ten years, and the passengers ask the conductor:

What place is this?
Where are we now?

I am the grass.
Let me work.
Read full poem
Bio

Identification and basic context

Carl Sandburg was an American poet, writer, historian, novelist, and lexicographer. He is widely celebrated for his free verse poetry, which often depicted the American people, especially the working class, and the landscapes of the American Midwest. His work captured the spirit of industrial America and the lives of ordinary people. Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois, and was of Swedish immigrant descent. His linguistic background and early exposure to different cultures influenced his writing style.

Childhood and education

Sandburg's childhood was marked by hard work and limited formal schooling. He left school at the age of thirteen to work and help support his family. Despite this, he was an avid reader and possessed a strong desire for self-education. He worked various jobs, including as a milkman, a railroad laborer, and a salesman, which exposed him to a wide range of American life and experiences. His early readings included works that would later influence his poetic voice, instilling in him a deep appreciation for the vernacular and the common person's experience.

Literary trajectory

Sandburg's literary career began to take shape in his early adulthood. He attended Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois, where he began writing poetry. His early work was published in small magazines. A pivotal moment was his involvement with Alfred Stieglitz's gallery and his association with the avant-garde literary scene in Chicago. He gained national recognition with the publication of "Chicago Poems" in 1916. His work evolved through distinct phases, increasingly embracing themes of American identity, industry, and the lives of everyday people. He was also active as a journalist, contributing to various publications and anthologies.

Works, style, and literary characteristics

Sandburg's major works include "Chicago Poems" (1916), "Cornhuskers" (1918), "Smoke and Steel" (1920), and "The People, Yes" (1936). His style is characterized by its use of free verse, colloquial language, and vivid imagery, often drawing from the sounds and sights of industrial America. He explored themes of the American dream, the struggle of the working class, the beauty of the common, and the vastness of the American landscape. His poetic voice is often direct, celebratory, and deeply empathetic towards ordinary individuals. Sandburg's language was accessible, reflecting the vernacular of the people he wrote about, and his poems often possessed a strong, rhythmic quality, reminiscent of American folk music. He is noted for bringing the language and spirit of the American Midwest into poetry.

Cultural and historical context

Sandburg lived and wrote during a period of immense transformation in American history, including industrialization, World War I, the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and World War II. He was closely associated with the Chicago Renaissance, a flourishing of arts and literature in Chicago in the early 20th century. He was part of a generation of poets who sought to break away from traditional poetic forms and embrace a more modern, American idiom. His work often reflected the social and economic conditions of his time, particularly the lives of laborers and immigrants. He engaged with the political and social issues of his era, aligning himself with progressive ideals.

Personal life

Sandburg was married to photographer and artist Lilian Steichen, sister of photographer Edward Steichen. They had three daughters. His personal life, though often private, was deeply intertwined with his work, providing him with inspiration and grounding. He was known for his deep connection to the land and his simple lifestyle. He and his family lived on a farm in North Carolina for many years, where he continued to write and pursue his interests in folklore and music. His beliefs were generally progressive, and he was a strong advocate for the common person.

Recognition and reception

Sandburg received significant recognition during his lifetime, including two Pulitzer Prizes: one for his "Complete Poems" (1951) and another for his biography of Abraham Lincoln (1940). He was widely read and admired, hailed as a voice for the common American. His work continues to be studied and appreciated for its enduring portrayal of American life and its innovative use of language. While some critics noted his departure from more traditional poetic forms, his impact and popularity have solidified his place in American literature.

Influences and legacy

Sandburg was influenced by Walt Whitman's embrace of democracy and expansive verse, as well as by the realism and social consciousness of other contemporary writers. He, in turn, influenced generations of American poets with his accessible style, his championing of vernacular language, and his focus on the lives of ordinary Americans. His biography of Lincoln is considered a monumental work in American historiography. Sandburg's legacy lies in his profound connection to the American spirit and his ability to make the lives and experiences of common people the subject of celebrated poetry.

Interpretation and critical analysis

Sandburg's poetry is often interpreted as a celebration of American democracy and the resilience of its people. Critics have analyzed his use of free verse and colloquial language as a deliberate attempt to democratize poetry, making it accessible to a wider audience. His works are seen as a vital record of early 20th-century American life, capturing its industrial dynamism and its social struggles. The critical discourse often centers on his ability to balance a grounded realism with a lyrical sensibility.

Curiosities and lesser-known aspects

Sandburg was also a dedicated folk singer and collector of American folk songs. He amassed a large collection of these songs, which he performed and compiled. He was a multifaceted figure, also known for his collection of Lincolniana. His writing habits were often described as disciplined, but he also possessed a spontaneous and improvisational spirit, much like the folk music he loved. He was known to carry notebooks and jot down observations constantly.

Death and memory

Carl Sandburg died of natural causes at the age of 89. His passing was widely mourned, and his contributions to American literature and culture were deeply acknowledged. His home in Flat Rock, North Carolina, has been preserved as the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site, ensuring his legacy continues to inspire future generations.

Poems

116

Back Yard

Back Yard

Shine on, O moon of summer.
Shine to the leaves of grass, catalpa and oak,
All silver under your rain to-night.


An Italian boy is sending songs to you to-night from an accordion.
A Polish boy is out with his best girl; they marry next month; to-night they are
throwing you kisses.


An old man next door is dreaming over a sheen that sits in a cherry tree in his back
yard.


The clocks say I must go—I stay here sitting on the back porch drinking white thoughts
you rain down.


Shine on, O moon,
Shake out more and more silver changes.
374

Baby Toes

Baby Toes

There is a blue star, Janet,
Fifteen years’ ride from us,
If we ride a hundred miles an hour.


There is a white star, Janet,
Forty years’ ride from us,
If we ride a hundred miles an hour.


Shall we ride
To the blue star
Or the white star?
508

Aztec Mask

Aztec Mask

I wanted a man’s face looking into the jaws and throat of life
With something proud on his face, so proud no smash of the jaws,
No gulp of the throat leaves the face in the end
With anything else than the old proud look:
Even to the finish, dumped in the dust,
Lost among the used-up cinders,
This face, men would say, is a flash,
Is laid on bones taken from the ribs of the earth,
Ready for the hammers of changing, changing years,
Ready for the sleeping, sleeping years of silence.
Ready for the dust and fire and wind.
I wanted this face and I saw it today in an Aztec mask.
A cry out of storm and dark, a red yell and a purple prayer,
A beaten shape of ashes
waiting the sunrise or night,
something or nothing,
proud-mouthed,
proud-eyed gambler.
505

Autumn Movement

Autumn Movement

I cried over beautiful things knowing no beautiful thing lasts.


The field of cornflower yellow is a scarf at the neck of the copper
sunburned woman, the mother of the year, the taker of seeds.


The northwest wind comes and the yellow is torn full of holes,
new beautiful things come in the first spit of snow on the northwest wind,
and the old things go, not one lasts.
405

Ashurnatsirpal III

Ashurnatsirpal III

Three walls around the town of Tela when I came.
They expected everything of those walls;
Nobody in the town came out to kiss my feet.


I knocked the walls down, killed three thousand soldiers,
Took away cattle and sheep, took all the loot in sight,
And burned special captives.


Some of the soldiers—I cut off hands and feet.
Others—I cut off ears and fingers.
Some—I put out the eyes.
I made a pyramid of heads.
I strung heads on trees circling the town.


When I got through with it
There wasn’t much left of the town of Tela.
400

Aprons of Silence

Aprons of Silence

Many things I might have said today.
And I kept my mouth shut.
So many times I was asked
To come and say the same things
Everybody was saying, no end
To the yes-yes, yes-yes,
me-too, me-too.


The aprons of silence covered me.
A wire and hatch held my tongue.
I spit nails into an abyss and listened.
I shut off the gable of Jones, Johnson, Smith,
All whose names take pages in the city directory.


I fixed up a padded cell and lugged it around.
I locked myself in and nobody knew it.
Only the keeper and the kept in the hoosegow
Knew it--on the streets, in the post office,
On the cars, into the railroad station
Where the caller was calling, "All a-board,
All a-board for . . . Blaa-blaa . . . Blaa-blaa,
Blaa-blaa . . . and all points northwest . . .all a-board."
Here I took along my own hoosegow
And did business with my own thoughts.
Do you see? It must be the aprons of silence.
423

And This Will Be All....

And This Will Be All....

And this will be all?
And the gates will never open again?
And the dust and the wind will play around the rusty door hinges and the songs of
October moan, Why-oh, why-oh?


And you will look to the mountains
And the mountains will look to you
And you will wish you were a mountain
And the mountain will wish nothing at all?
This will be all?
The gates will never-never open again?


The dust and the wind only
And the rusty door hinges and moaning October
And Why-oh, why-oh, in the moaning dry leaves,
This will be all?


Nothing in the air but songs
And no singers, no mouths to know the songs?
You tell us a woman with a heartache tells you it is so?
This will be all?
391

An Electric Sign Goes Dark

An Electric Sign Goes Dark

Poland, France, Judea ran in her veins,
Singing to Paris for bread, singing to Gotham in a fizz at the pop of a bottle’s cork.


“Won’t you come and play wiz me” she sang … and “I just can’t make my eyes
behave.”
“Higgeldy-Piggeldy,” “Papa’s Wife,” “Follow Me” were plays.


Did she wash her feet in a tub of milk? Was a strand of pearls sneaked from her trunk?
The newspapers asked.
Cigarettes, tulips, pacing horses, took her name.


Twenty years old … thirty … forty …
Forty-five and the doctors fathom nothing, the doctors quarrel, the doctors use silver
tubes feeding twenty-four quarts of blood into the veins, the respects of a prize-fighter,
a cab driver.
And a little mouth moans: It is easy to die when they are dying so many grand deaths
in France.


A voice, a shape, gone.
A baby bundle from Warsaw … legs, torso, head … on a hotel bed at The Savoy.
The white chiselings of flesh that flung themselves in somersaults, straddles, for
packed houses:
A memory, a stage and footlights out, an electric sign on Broadway dark.


She belonged to somebody, nobody.
No one man owned her, no ten nor a thousand.
She belonged to many thousand men, lovers of the white chiseling of arms and
shoulders, the ivory of a laugh, the bells of song.


Railroad brakemen taking trains across Nebraska prairies, lumbermen jaunting in pine
and tamarack of the Northwest, stock ranchers in the middle west, mayors of southern
cities
Say to their pals and wives now: I see by the papers Anna Held is dead.
363

Always The Mob

Always The Mob

Jesus emptied the devils of one man into forty hogs and the hogs took the edge of a
high rock and dropped off and down into the sea: a mob.


The sheep on the hills of Australia, blundering fourfooted in the sunset mist to the
dark, they go one way, they hunt one sleep, they find one pocket of grass for all.


Karnak? Pyramids? Sphinx paws tall as a coolie? Tombs kept for kings and sacred
cows? A mob.


Young roast pigs and naked dancing girls of Belshazzar, the room where a thousand sat
guzzling when a hand wrote: Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin? A mob.


The honeycomb of green that won the sun as the Hanging Gardens of Nineveh, flew to
its shape at the hands of a mob that followed the fingers of Nebuchadnezzar: a mob of
one hand and one plan.


Stones of a circle of hills at Athens, staircases of a mountain in Peru, scattered clans of
marble dragons in China: each a mob on the rim of a sunrise: hammers and wagons
have them now.


Locks and gates of Panama? The Union Pacific crossing deserts and tunneling
mountains? The Woolworth on land and the Titanic at sea? Lighthouses blinking a coast
line from Labrador to Key West? Pig iron bars piled on a barge whistling in a fog off
Sheboygan? A mob: hammers and wagons have them to-morrow.


The mob? A typhoon tearing loose an island from thousand-year moorings and
bastions, shooting a volcanic ash with a fire tongue that licks up cities and peoples.
Layers of worms eating rocks and forming loam and valley floors for potatoes, wheat,
watermelons.


The mob? A jag of lightning, a geyser, a gravel mass loosening…


The mob … kills or builds … the mob is Attila or Ghengis Khan, the mob is Napoleon,
Lincoln.


I am born in the mob—I die in the mob—the same goes for you—I don’t care who you
are.


I cross the sheets of fire in No Man’s land for you, my brother—I slip a steel tooth into
your throat, you my brother—I die for you and I kill you—It is a twisted and gnarled
thing, a crimson wool:
One more arch of stars,
In the night of our mist,
In the night of our tears.
383

Adelaide Crapsey

Adelaide Crapsey

Among the bumble-bees in red-top hay, a freckled field of brown-eyed Susans dripping
yellow leaves in July,
I read your heart in a book.


And your mouth of blue pansy—I know somewhere I have seen it rain-shattered.


And I have seen a woman with her head flung between her naked knees, and her head
held there listening to the sea, the great naked sea shouldering a load of salt.


And the blue pansy mouth sang to the sea:
Mother of God, I’m so little a thing,
Let me sing longer,
Only a little longer.


And the sea shouldered its salt in long gray combers hauling new shapes on the beach
sand.
360

Quotes

40

Videos

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