Poems List

Arrival At Santos

Arrival At Santos

Here is a coast; here is a harbor;
here, after a meager diet of horizon, is some scenery:
impractically shaped and--who knows?--self-pitying mountains,
sad and harsh beneath their frivolous greenery,


with a little church on top of one. And warehouses,
some of them painted a feeble pink, or blue,
and some tall, uncertain palms. Oh, tourist,
is this how this country is going to answer you


and your immodest demands for a different world,
and a better life, and complete comprehension
of both at last, and immediately,
after eighteen days of suspension?


Finish your breakfast. The tender is coming,
a strange and ancient craft, flying a strange and brilliant rag.
So that's the flag. I never saw it before.
I somehow never thought of there being a flag,


but of course there was, all along. And coins, I presume,
and paper money; they remain to be seen.
And gingerly now we climb down the ladder backward,
myself and a fellow passenger named Miss Breen,


descending into the midst of twenty-six freighters
waiting to be loaded with green coffee beaus.
Please, boy, do be more careful with that boat hook!
Watch out! Oh! It has caught Miss Breen's


skirt! There! Miss Breen is about seventy,
a retired police lieutenant, six feet tall,
with beautiful bright blue eyes and a kind expression.
Her home, when she is at home, is in Glens Fall


s, New York. There. We are settled.
The customs officials will speak English, we hope,
and leave us our bourbon and cigarettes.
Ports are necessities, like postage stamps, or soap,


but they seldom seem to care what impression they make,
or, like this, only attempt, since it does not matter,
the unassertive colors of soap, or postage stamps-wasting
away like the former, slipping the way the latter


do when we mail the letters we wrote on the boat,
either because the glue here is very inferior
or because of the heat. We leave Santos at once;
we are driving to the interior.
602

Cape Breton

Cape Breton

Out on the high "bird islands," Ciboux and Hertford,
the razorbill auks and the silly-looking puffins all stand
with their backs to the mainland
in solemn, uneven lines along the cliff's brown grass-frayed edge,
while the few sheep pastured there go "Baaa, baaa."
(Sometimes, frightened by aeroplanes, they stampede
and fall over into the sea or onto the rocks.)
The silken water is weaving and weaving,
disappearing under the mist equally in all directions,
lifted and penetrated now and then
by one shag's dripping serpent-neck,
and somewhere the mist incorporates the pulse,
rapid but unurgent, of a motor boat.


The same mist hangs in thin layers
among the valleys and gorges of the mainland
like rotting snow-ice sucked away
almost to spirit; the ghosts of glaciers drift
among those folds and folds of fir: spruce and hackmatack-dull,
dead, deep pea-cock colors,
each riser distinguished from the next
by an irregular nervous saw-tooth edge,
alike, but certain as a stereoscopic view.


The wild road clambers along the brink of the coast.
On it stand occasional small yellow bulldozers,
but without their drivers, because today is Sunday.
The little white churches have been dropped into the matted hills
like lost quartz arrowheads.
The road appears to have been abandoned.
Whatever the landscape had of meaning appears to have been abandoned,
unless the road is holding it back, in the interior,
where we cannot see,
where deep lakes are reputed to be,
and disused trails and mountains of rock
and miles of burnt forests, standing in gray scratches
like the admirable scriptures made on stones by stones-and
these regions now have little to say for themselves
except in thousands of light song-sparrow songs floating upward
freely, dispassionately, through the mist, and meshing
in brown-wet, fine torn fish-nets.


A small bus comes along, in up-and-down rushes,


packed with people, even to its step.


(On weekdays with groceries, spare automobile parts, and pump parts,


but today only two preachers extra, one carrying his frock coat on a
hanger.)


It passes the closed roadside stand, the closed schoolhouse,


where today no flag is flying


from the rough-adzed pole topped with a white china doorknob.


It stops, and a man carrying a bay gets off,


climbs over a stile, and goes down through a small steep meadow,



which establishes its poverty in a snowfall of daisies,
to his invisible house beside the water.


The birds keep on singing, a calf bawls, the bus starts.
The thin mist follows
the white mutations of its dream;
an ancient chill is rippling the dark brooks.
767

A Prodigal

A Prodigal

The brown enormous odor he lived by
was too close, with its breathing and thick hair,
for him to judge. The floor was rotten; the sty
was plastered halfway up with glass-smooth dung.
Light-lashed, self-righteous, above moving snouts,
the pigs' eyes followed him, a cheerful stare-even
to the sow that always ate her young-till,
sickening, he leaned to scratch her head.
But sometimes mornings after drinking bouts
(he hid the pints behind the two-by-fours),
the sunrise glazed the barnyard mud with red
the burning puddles seemed to reassure.
And then he thought he almost might endure
his exile yet another year or more.


But evenings the first star came to warn.
The farmer whom he worked for came at dark
to shut the cows and horses in the barn
beneath their overhanging clouds of hay,
with pitchforks, faint forked lightnings, catching light,
safe and companionable as in the Ark.
The pigs stuck out their little feet and snored.
The lantern--like the sun, going away-laid
on the mud a pacing aureole.
Carrying a bucket along a slimy board,
he felt the bats' uncertain staggering flight,
his shuddering insights, beyond his control,
touching him. But it took him a long time
finally to make up his mind to go home.
729

Anaphora

Anaphora


Each day with so much ceremony
begins, with birds, with bells,
with whistles from a factory;
such white-gold skies our eyes
first open on, such brilliant walls
that for a moment we wonder
"Where is the music coming from, the energy?
The day was meant for what ineffable creature
we must have missed?" Oh promptly he
appears and takes his earthly nature

instantly, instantly falls
victim of long intrigue,
assuming memory and mortal
mortal fatigue.


More slowly falling into sight
and showering into stippled faces,
darkening, condensing all his light;
in spite of all the dreaming
squandered upon him with that look,
suffers our uses and abuses,
sinks through the drift of bodies,
sinks through the drift of vlasses
to evening to the beggar in the park
who, weary, without lamp or book

prepares stupendous studies:
the fiery event
of every day in endless
endless assent.
603

A Miracle for Breakfast

A Miracle for Breakfast

At six o'clock we were waiting for coffee,
waiting for coffee and the charitable crumb
that was going to be served from a certain balcony
--like kings of old, or like a miracle.
It was still dark. One foot of the sun
steadied itself on a long ripple in the river.


The first ferry of the day had just crossed the river.
It was so cold we hoped that the coffee
would be very hot, seeing that the sun
was not going to warm us; and that the crumb
would be a loaf each, buttered, by a miracle.
At seven a man stepped out on the balcony.


He stood for a minute alone on the balcony
looking over our heads toward the river.
A servant handed him the makings of a miracle,
consisting of one lone cup of coffee
and one roll, which he proceeded to crumb,
his head, so to speak, in the clouds--along with the sun.


Was the man crazy? What under the sun
was he trying to do, up there on his balcony!
Each man received one rather hard crumb,
which some flicked scornfully into the river,
and, in a cup, one drop of the coffee.
Some of us stood around, waiting for the miracle.


I can tell what I saw next; it was not a miracle.
A beautiful villa stood in the sun
and from its doors came the smell of hot coffee.
In front, a baroque white plaster balcony
added by birds, who nest along the river,
--I saw it with one eye close to the crumb-


and galleries and marble chambers. My crumb
my mansion, made for me by a miracle,
through ages, by insects, birds, and the river
working the stone. Every day, in the sun,
at breakfast time I sit on my balcony
with my feet up, and drink gallons of coffee.


We licked up the crumb and swallowed the coffee.
A window across the river caught the sun
as if the miracle were working, on the wrong balcony.
729

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Identification and basic context

Elizabeth Bishop was an American poet and writer. She was born on February 8, 1911, and died on October 10, 1979. She is celebrated for her precise and descriptive poetry, often characterized by a sense of detachment combined with deep empathy. She traveled extensively throughout her life, living in various countries, including Brazil and Canada, which greatly influenced her work. Her nationality was American, and she wrote in English.

Childhood and education

Bishop's childhood was marked by loss and instability. Her father died when she was an infant, and her mother was institutionalized for mental illness when Bishop was five, leading her to live with relatives in Nova Scotia, Canada. This early experience of separation and displacement informed her later poetic themes of loss, memory, and the search for home. She attended Vassar College, where she discovered her passion for poetry and formed lasting friendships with fellow poets. She graduated in 1934.

Literary trajectory

Bishop's literary career was characterized by a slow, deliberate pace of publication, a reflection of her meticulous crafting of poems. She published relatively few poems during her lifetime, but those she did were highly regarded. Her first major collection, "North & South," was published in 1946, followed by "A Cold Spring" (1955) and "Questions of Travel" (1965). She also served as Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (a position now known as Poet Laureate) from 1949 to 1950. Her later collections, "Geography III" (1976) and "The Complete Poems" (published posthumously), solidified her reputation.

Works, style, and literary characteristics

Bishop's major works include "North & South" (1946), "A Cold Spring" (1955), "Questions of Travel" (1965), and "Geography III" (1976). Her dominant themes explore geography, travel, exile, the natural world, loss, memory, and the challenges of perception. She was a master of vivid, precise description, often rendering everyday objects and landscapes with extraordinary clarity. Her style is characterized by its formal control, subtle irony, objective observation, and a profound, often understated, emotional depth. She utilized a wide range of forms, including sonnets and rhyming couplets, but is perhaps best known for her expertly crafted free verse. Her poetic voice is often described as compassionate, observant, and intellectually rigorous, yet deeply empathetic. She avoided overt sentimentality, preferring to let the details of the world speak for themselves.

Cultural and historical context

Bishop wrote during a period of significant artistic and social change in the 20th century. While not overtly political in the way some of her contemporaries were, her experiences living in countries like Brazil during periods of political transition and social inequality undoubtedly informed her perspective. She was part of a generation of poets who sought new ways of representing the world after the disruptions of modernism and the experiences of war. Her travels and expatriate life exposed her to diverse cultures and perspectives, contributing to the unique global scope of her work.

Personal life

Bishop's personal life was marked by early loss and a quiet, private demeanor. Her lifelong friendships, particularly with fellow poet Louise Crane and later with the architect Lota de Macedo Soares in Brazil, were significant. Her relationships and travels often provided the raw material for her poems, but she maintained a remarkable capacity for objective observation, even when writing about deeply personal experiences. She struggled with health issues throughout her life.

Recognition and reception

Bishop received considerable critical acclaim during her lifetime, including the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1956 for "North & South" and "A Cold Spring," and the National Book Award in 1970. Despite her relatively small output, her work was consistently praised for its originality, skill, and emotional resonance. Posthumously, her reputation has grown, and she is widely regarded as one of the most significant American poets of the 20th century.

Influences and legacy

Bishop was influenced by poets such as Marianne Moore, Wallace Stevens, and W.H. Auden. Her meticulous attention to detail and her focus on the visual world have inspired numerous poets. Her legacy lies in her unique approach to poetic observation, her profound empathy, and her subtle yet powerful emotional impact. She is a central figure in the American literary canon, and her work continues to be widely studied and admired for its quiet mastery.

Interpretation and critical analysis

Bishop's poetry is often analyzed for its careful use of metaphor, its exploration of the relationship between the observer and the observed, and its sensitive portrayal of human vulnerability and connection. Critics have noted the profound ethical dimensions of her work, stemming from her compassionate gaze upon the world. Her travel poems, in particular, are rich with cultural observation and reflections on identity and belonging.

Curiosities and lesser-known aspects

Bishop was a highly private person and rarely gave interviews. She was an avid reader and collector of books. Her extensive travels, particularly her long stays in Brazil, deeply shaped her worldview and her poetry, providing unique perspectives on landscape, culture, and human relationships.

Death and memory

Elizabeth Bishop died of ovarian cancer at the age of 68. Her death marked the loss of a singular poetic voice. Her collected poems and prose have been published posthumously, ensuring her enduring presence in literature. Her work continues to be studied extensively in universities, and she is remembered as a poet of exceptional clarity, precision, and quiet profundity.