Poems List

Icebergs behoove the soul (both being self-made from elements least visible) to see them so: fleshed, fair, erected, indivisible.

The Imaginary Iceberg, st. 3

4

This iceberg cuts its facets from within. Like jewelry from a grave it saves itself perpetually and adorns Only itself.

The Imaginary Iceberg [1946], st. 3

3

Visits to St Elizabeths

Visits to St Elizabeths

This is the house of Bedlam.


This is the man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


This is the time
of the tragic man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


This is a wristwatch
telling the time
of the talkative man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


This is a sailor
wearing the watch
that tells the time
of the honored man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


This is the roadstead all of board
reached by the sailor
wearing the watch
that tells the time
of the old, brave man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


These are the years and the walls of the ward,
the winds and clouds of the sea of board
sailed by the sailor
wearing the watch
that tells the time
of the cranky man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


This is a Jew in a newspaper hat
that dances weeping down the ward
over the creaking sea of board
beyond the sailor
winding his watch
that tells the time
of the cruel man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


This is a world of books gone flat.
This is a Jew in a newspaper hat
that dances weeping down the ward
over the creaking sea of board
of the batty sailor
that winds his watch
that tells the time
of the busy man



that lies in the house of Bedlam.


This is a boy that pats the floor
to see if the world is there, is flat,
for the widowed Jew in the newspaper hat
that dances weeping down the ward
waltzing the length of a weaving board
by the silent sailor
that hears his watch
that ticks the time
of the tedious man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


These are the years and the walls and the door
that shut on a boy that pats the floor
to feel if the world is there and flat.
This is a Jew in a newspaper hat
that dances joyfully down the ward
into the parting seas of board
past the staring sailor
that shakes his watch
that tells the time
of the poet, the man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.


This is the soldier home from the war.
These are the years and the walls and the door
that shut on a boy that pats the floor
to see if the world is round or flat.
This is a Jew in a newspaper hat
that dances carefully down the ward,
walking the plank of a coffin board
with the crazy sailor
that shows his watch
that tells the time
of the wretched man
that lies in the house of Bedlam.
545

Trouvée

Trouvée


Oh, why should a hen
have been run over
on West 4th Street
in the middle of summer?


She was a white hen
--red-and-white now, of course.
How did she get there?
Where was she going?


Her wing feathers spread
flat, flat in the tar,
all dirtied, and thin
as tissue paper.


A pigeon, yes,
or an English sparrow,
might meet such a fate,
but not that poor fowl.


Just now I went back
to look again.
I hadn't dreamed it:
there is a hen


turned into a quaint
old country saying
scribbled in chalk
(except for the beak).
524

The Weed

The Weed

I dreamed that dead, and meditating,
I lay upon a grave, or bed,
(at least, some cold and close-built bower).
In the cold heart, its final thought
stood frozen, drawn immense and clear,
stiff and idle as I was there;
and we remained unchanged together
for a year, a minute, an hour.
Suddenly there was a motion,
as startling, there, to every sense
as an explosion. Then it dropped
to insistent, cautious creeping
in the region of the heart,
prodding me from desperate sleep.
I raised my head. A slight young weed
had pushed up through the heart and its
green head was nodding on the breast.
(All this was in the dark.)
It grew an inch like a blade of grass;
next, one leaf shot out of its side
a twisting, waving flag, and then
two leaves moved like a semaphore.
The stem grew thick. The nervous roots
reached to each side; the graceful head
changed its position mysteriously,
since there was neither sun nor moon
to catch its young attention.
The rooted heart began to change
(not beat) and then it split apart
and from it broke a flood of water.
Two rivers glanced off from the sides,
one to the right, one to the left,
two rushing, half-clear streams,
(the ribs made of them two cascades)
which assuredly, smooth as glass,
went off through the fine black grains of earth.
The weed was almost swept away;
it struggled with its leaves,
lifting them fringed with heavy drops.
A few drops fell upon my face
and in my eyes, so I could see
(or, in that black place, thought I saw)
that each drop contained a light,
a small, illuminated scene;
the weed-deflected stream was made
itself of racing images.
(As if a river should carry all
the scenes that it had once reflected
shut in its waters, and not floating
on momentary surfaces.)
The weed stood in the severed heart.
"What are you doing there?" I asked.



It lifted its head all dripping wet
(with my own thoughts?)
and answered then: "I grow," it said,
"but to divide your heart again."
573

The Shampoo

The Shampoo

The still explosions on the rocks,
the lichens, grow
by spreading, gray, concentric shocks.
They have arranged
to meet the rings around the moon, although
within our memories they have not changed.


And since the heavens will attend
as long on us,
you've been, dear friend,
precipitate and pragmatical;
and look what happens. For Time is
nothing if not amenable.


The shooting stars in your black hair
in bright formation
are flocking where,
so straight, so soon?
--Come, let me wash it in this big tin basin,
battered and shiny like the moon.
554

The Man-moth

The Man-moth

Here, above,
cracks in the buldings are filled with battered moonlight.
The whole shadow of Man is only as big as his hat.
It lies at his feet like a circle for a doll to stand on,
and he makes an inverted pin, the point magnetized to the moon.
He does not see the moon; he observes only her vast properties,
feeling the queer light on his hands, neither warm nor cold,
of a temperature impossible to records in thermometers.

But when the Man-Moth
pays his rare, although occasional, visits to the surface,
the moon looks rather different to him. He emerges
from an opening under the edge of one of the sidewalks
and nervously begins to scale the faces of the buildings.
He thinks the moon is a small hole at the top of the sky,
proving the sky quite useless for protection.
He trembles, but must investigate as high as he can climb.

Up the façades,
his shadow dragging like a photographer's cloth behind him
he climbs fearfully, thinking that this time he will manage
to push his small head through that round clean opening
and be forced through, as from a tube, in black scrolls on the light.
(Man, standing below him, has no such illusions.)
But what the Man-Moth fears most he must do, although
he fails, of course, and falls back scared but quite unhurt.

Then he returns
to the pale subways of cement he calls his home. He flits,
he flutters, and cannot get aboard the silent trains
fast enough to suit him. The doors close swiftly.
The Man-Moth always seats himself facing the wrong way
and the train starts at once at its full, terrible speed,
without a shift in gears or a gradation of any sort.
He cannot tell the rate at which he travels backwards.

Each night he must
be carried through artificial tunnels and dream recurrent dreams.
Just as the ties recur beneath his train, these underlie
his rushing brain. He does not dare look out the window,
for the third rail, the unbroken draught of poison,
runs there beside him. He regards it as a disease
he has inherited the susceptibility to. He has to keep
his hands in his pockets, as others must wear mufflers.

If you catch him,
hold up a flashlight to his eye. It's all dark pupil,
an entire night itself, whose haired horizon tightens
as he stares back, and closes up the eye. Then from the lids
one tear, his only possession, like the bee's sting, slips.
Slyly he palms it, and if you're not paying attention
he'll swallow it. However, if you watch, he'll hand it over,



cool as from underground springs and pure enough to drink.
729

The Monument

The Monument

Now can you see the monument? It is of wood
built somewhat like a box. No. Built
like several boxes in descending sizes
one above the other.
Each is turned half-way round so that
its corners point toward the sides
of the one below and the angles alternate.
Then on the topmost cube is set
a sort of fleur-de-lys of weathered wood,
long petals of board, pierced with odd holes,
four-sided, stiff, ecclesiastical.
From it four thin, warped poles spring out,
(slanted like fishing-poles or flag-poles)
and from them jig-saw work hangs down,
four lines of vaguely whittled ornament
over the edges of the boxes
to the ground.
The monument is one-third set against
a sea; two-thirds against a sky.
The view is geared
(that is, the view's perspective)
so low there is no "far away,"
and we are far away within the view.
A sea of narrow, horizontal boards
lies out behind our lonely monument,
its long grains alternating right and left
like floor-boards--spotted, swarming-still,
and motionless. A sky runs parallel,
and it is palings, coarser than the sea's:
splintery sunlight and long-fibred clouds.
"Why does the strange sea make no sound?
Is it because we're far away?
Where are we? Are we in Asia Minor,
or in Mongolia?"
An ancient promontory,
an ancient principality whose artist-prince
might have wanted to build a monument
to mark a tomb or boundary, or make
a melancholy or romantic scene of it...
"But that queer sea looks made of wood,
half-shining, like a driftwood, sea.
And the sky looks wooden, grained with cloud.
It's like a stage-set; it is all so flat!
Those clouds are full of glistening splinters!
What is that?"
It is the monument.
"It's piled-up boxes,
outlined with shoddy fret-work, half-fallen off,
cracked and unpainted. It looks old."
--The strong sunlight, the wind from the sea,
all the conditions of its existence,
may have flaked off the paint, if ever it was painted,



and made it homelier than it was.
"Why did you bring me here to see it?
A temple of crates in cramped and crated scenery,
what can it prove?
I am tired of breathing this eroded air,
this dryness in which the monument is cracking."


It is an artifact
of wood. Wood holds together better
than sea or cloud or and could by itself,
much better than real sea or sand or cloud.
It chose that way to grow and not to move.
The monument's an object, yet those decorations,
carelessly nailed, looking like nothing at all,
give it away as having life, and wishing;
wanting to be a monument, to cherish something.
The crudest scroll-work says "commemorate,"
while once each day the light goes around it
like a prowling animal,
or the rain falls on it, or the wind blows into it.
It may be solid, may be hollow.
The bones of the artist-prince may be inside
or far away on even drier soil.
But roughly but adequately it can shelter
what is within (which after all
cannot have been intended to be seen).
It is the beginning of a painting,
a piece of sculpture, or poem, or monument,
and all of wood. Watch it closely.
615

The Fish

The Fish

I caught a tremendous fish
and held him beside the boat
half out of water, with my hook
fast in a corner of his mouth.
He didn't fight.
He hadn't fought at all.
He hung a grunting weight,
battered and venerable
and homely. Here and there
his brown skin hung in strips
like ancient wallpaper,
and its pattern of darker brown
was like wallpaper:
shapes like full-blown roses
stained and lost through age.
He was speckled and barnacles,
fine rosettes of lime,
and infested
with tiny white sea-lice,
and underneath two or three
rags of green weed hung down.
While his gills were breathing in
the terrible oxygen
--the frightening gills,
fresh and crisp with blood,
that can cut so badly--
I thought of the coarse white flesh
packed in like feathers,
the big bones and the little bones,
the dramatic reds and blacks
of his shiny entrails,
and the pink swim-bladder
like a big peony.
I looked into his eyes
which were far larger than mine
but shallower, and yellowed,
the irises backed and packed
with tarnished tinfoil
seen through the lenses
of old scratched isinglass.
They shifted a little, but not
to return my stare.
--It was more like the tipping
of an object toward the light.
I admired his sullen face,
the mechanism of his jaw,
and then I saw
that from his lower lip
--if you could call it a lip
grim, wet, and weaponlike,
hung five old pieces of fish-line,
or four and a wire leader



with the swivel still attached,
with all their five big hooks
grown firmly in his mouth.
A green line, frayed at the end
where he broke it, two heavier lines,
and a fine black thread
still crimped from the strain and snap
when it broke and he got away.
Like medals with their ribbons
frayed and wavering,
a five-haired beard of wisdom
trailing from his aching jaw.
I stared and stared
and victory filled up
the little rented boat,
from the pool of bilge
where oil had spread a rainbow
around the rusted engine
to the bailer rusted orange,
the sun-cracked thwarts,
the oarlocks on their strings,
the gunnels--until everything
was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow!
And I let the fish go.
773

The Colder The Air

The Colder The Air

We must admire her perfect aim,
this huntress of the winter air
whose level weapon needs no sight,
if it were not that everywhere
her game is sure, her shot is right.
The least of us could do the same.


The chalky birds or boats stand still,
reducing her conditions of chance;
air's gallery marks identically
the narrow gallery of her glance.
The target-center in her eye
is equally her aim and will.


Time's in her pocket, ticking loud
on one stalled second. She'll consult
not time nor circumstance. She calls
on atmosphere for her result.
(It is this clock that later falls
in wheels and chimes of leaf and cloud.)
588

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Identification and basic context

Elizabeth Bishop was an American poet and writer. She was born on February 8, 1911, and died on October 10, 1979. She is celebrated for her precise and descriptive poetry, often characterized by a sense of detachment combined with deep empathy. She traveled extensively throughout her life, living in various countries, including Brazil and Canada, which greatly influenced her work. Her nationality was American, and she wrote in English.

Childhood and education

Bishop's childhood was marked by loss and instability. Her father died when she was an infant, and her mother was institutionalized for mental illness when Bishop was five, leading her to live with relatives in Nova Scotia, Canada. This early experience of separation and displacement informed her later poetic themes of loss, memory, and the search for home. She attended Vassar College, where she discovered her passion for poetry and formed lasting friendships with fellow poets. She graduated in 1934.

Literary trajectory

Bishop's literary career was characterized by a slow, deliberate pace of publication, a reflection of her meticulous crafting of poems. She published relatively few poems during her lifetime, but those she did were highly regarded. Her first major collection, "North & South," was published in 1946, followed by "A Cold Spring" (1955) and "Questions of Travel" (1965). She also served as Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (a position now known as Poet Laureate) from 1949 to 1950. Her later collections, "Geography III" (1976) and "The Complete Poems" (published posthumously), solidified her reputation.

Works, style, and literary characteristics

Bishop's major works include "North & South" (1946), "A Cold Spring" (1955), "Questions of Travel" (1965), and "Geography III" (1976). Her dominant themes explore geography, travel, exile, the natural world, loss, memory, and the challenges of perception. She was a master of vivid, precise description, often rendering everyday objects and landscapes with extraordinary clarity. Her style is characterized by its formal control, subtle irony, objective observation, and a profound, often understated, emotional depth. She utilized a wide range of forms, including sonnets and rhyming couplets, but is perhaps best known for her expertly crafted free verse. Her poetic voice is often described as compassionate, observant, and intellectually rigorous, yet deeply empathetic. She avoided overt sentimentality, preferring to let the details of the world speak for themselves.

Cultural and historical context

Bishop wrote during a period of significant artistic and social change in the 20th century. While not overtly political in the way some of her contemporaries were, her experiences living in countries like Brazil during periods of political transition and social inequality undoubtedly informed her perspective. She was part of a generation of poets who sought new ways of representing the world after the disruptions of modernism and the experiences of war. Her travels and expatriate life exposed her to diverse cultures and perspectives, contributing to the unique global scope of her work.

Personal life

Bishop's personal life was marked by early loss and a quiet, private demeanor. Her lifelong friendships, particularly with fellow poet Louise Crane and later with the architect Lota de Macedo Soares in Brazil, were significant. Her relationships and travels often provided the raw material for her poems, but she maintained a remarkable capacity for objective observation, even when writing about deeply personal experiences. She struggled with health issues throughout her life.

Recognition and reception

Bishop received considerable critical acclaim during her lifetime, including the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1956 for "North & South" and "A Cold Spring," and the National Book Award in 1970. Despite her relatively small output, her work was consistently praised for its originality, skill, and emotional resonance. Posthumously, her reputation has grown, and she is widely regarded as one of the most significant American poets of the 20th century.

Influences and legacy

Bishop was influenced by poets such as Marianne Moore, Wallace Stevens, and W.H. Auden. Her meticulous attention to detail and her focus on the visual world have inspired numerous poets. Her legacy lies in her unique approach to poetic observation, her profound empathy, and her subtle yet powerful emotional impact. She is a central figure in the American literary canon, and her work continues to be widely studied and admired for its quiet mastery.

Interpretation and critical analysis

Bishop's poetry is often analyzed for its careful use of metaphor, its exploration of the relationship between the observer and the observed, and its sensitive portrayal of human vulnerability and connection. Critics have noted the profound ethical dimensions of her work, stemming from her compassionate gaze upon the world. Her travel poems, in particular, are rich with cultural observation and reflections on identity and belonging.

Curiosities and lesser-known aspects

Bishop was a highly private person and rarely gave interviews. She was an avid reader and collector of books. Her extensive travels, particularly her long stays in Brazil, deeply shaped her worldview and her poetry, providing unique perspectives on landscape, culture, and human relationships.

Death and memory

Elizabeth Bishop died of ovarian cancer at the age of 68. Her death marked the loss of a singular poetic voice. Her collected poems and prose have been published posthumously, ensuring her enduring presence in literature. Her work continues to be studied extensively in universities, and she is remembered as a poet of exceptional clarity, precision, and quiet profundity.